Biology 1.1 Vocabulary
Biology – the study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world
Organism – anything that possesses all the characteristics of life
Organization – an orderly structure of cells in an organism
Reproduction – production of offspring by an organism
Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
Growth – increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism
Development – all of the changes that take place during the life of an organism
Environment – biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust Stimulus – anything in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes the organism to react
Response – an organism’s reaction to a change in its internal or external environment
Homeostasis – organism’s regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival
Energy – the ability to cause change
Adaptation – evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring.
Evolution – gradual change in a species through adaptations over time
Biology 1.2 Vocabulary
Scientific methods – procedures that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions
Hypothesis – explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
Experiment – a procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions
Control – in an experiment, the standard against which the results are compared
Independent variable – in an experiment, the condition that is tested because it affects the
outcome of the experiment
Dependent variable – in an experiment, the condition that results from changes in the independent variable
Safety symbol – a symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat, or experimental procedures
Data – information obtained from experiments, sometimes called experimental results
Theory – explanation of natural phenomenon supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations
Biology 1.3 Vocabulary
Ethics – the moral principles and values held by humans
Technology – application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
2.1
Atom- the smallest basic unit of matter
Element- one particular type of atom, and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
Compound- a substance made of atoms of different elements or other atoms
Ion- an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
Ionic bond- forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions
Covalent bond- forms when atoms share a pair of electrons
Molecule- is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
2.2 vocab
Hydrogen bond- an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom
Cohesion- the attraction among molecules of a substance
Adhesion- the attraction among molecules of different substances
Solution- a mixture of substances that is the same throughout
Solvent- the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance
Solute- a substance that dissolves in a solvent
Acid- is a compound that releases a proton when it dissolves in water (a hydrogen ion H+
Base- compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution
ph- a solution’s acidity (ph scale 0-14)
2.3 vocab
Monomer- molecular subunit of a polymer
Polymer- a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together
Carbohydrate- molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they include sugars and starches
Lipid- nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol
Fatty acids- chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
Protein- a polymer made of monomers called amino acids
Amino acids- molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Nuclei acids- polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
2.4
Chemical reaction – process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds
Reactant – substance that is changed by a chemical reaction
Product – substance formed by a chemical reaction
Biology vocab 7.1 & 7.2
Cell – basic unit of all living things, organisms
Compound light microscope – instrument that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps
Cell theory – the theory that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms, all cells come from preexisting cells
Electron microscope – instrument that uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times actual size
Organelles – membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes – unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, each of which is composed of a prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotes – unicellular or multicellular organisms, such as yeast, plants,m and animals, composed of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus – organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of a cell’s dna
Plasma membrane – flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Selective permeability – feature of the plasma membrane that maintains homeostasis within a cell by allowing some molecules into the cell while keeping others out
Phospholipids – lipids with an attached phosphate group
Fluid mosaic model – structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer
Transport protein – proteins that span the plasma membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave a cell
7.3 Vocabulary Words
Cell wall
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Gogi apparatus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Plastids
Chlorophyll
Mitochondria
Microtubules
Microfilament
Cilia
Flagella
Chapter 8
Biology Vocabulary 8.1
osmosis – diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane
isotonic solution – in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell
hypotonic solution – in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell
hypertonic solution – in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell
passive transport – movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis
facilitated diffusion – passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
active transport – energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
endocytosis – active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell
exocytosis – active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a a cell
Biology 8.2 vocabulary
chromosomes – cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells
chromatin – long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus
cell cycle – continuous sequence of growth and division in a cell
interphase – cell growth where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division
mitosis – period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes
prophase – first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
sister chromatid – identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis
centromere – cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome
centrioles – in animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase
spindle – cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids
metaphase – short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber
anaphase – third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules
telophase – final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence
cytokinesis – cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells
tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
organ – group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism
organ system – multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function
8.3
cancer
gene
Biology Vocab 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
9.1
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – energy-storing molecule in cells composed of an adenosine molecule
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) – molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP
9.2
photosynthesis – process y which autotrophs, such as alge and plants, trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars
light-dependent reactions – phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP
light-independent reactions – phase of photosynthesis where energy from light-dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional ATP molecules
pigments – molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight
chlorophyll – light-absorbing pigment in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis
electron transport chain – series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons are transported
NADAP+ – (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) electron carrier molecule
photolysis – reaction taking place in the thylakoids membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
Calvin cycle – series of reactions during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP and hydrogen from the light-dependent reactions
9.3
cellular respiration – chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
anaerobic – chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen
glycolysis – in cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid
citric acid cycle – in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP
lactic acid fermentation – series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+
alcoholic fermentation – anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
aerobic-chemical reactions that do require the presence of oxygen
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